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2003), later renamed as free fatty acid receptors (FFAR)‐3 and FFAR‐2, which are involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism (den Besten et al. In addition, they affect gut and host metabolism by activating the G‐protein coupled cell surface receptors GPR‐41 and GPR‐43 (Brown et al. Locally in the gut, SCFAs are crucial for intestinal health because they serve as the major energy substrates for the colonocytes and also because of their anti‐inflammatory and anti‐carcinogenic properties (Hamer et al. They are increasingly recognized as signalling molecules that mediate the interaction between the diet, the gut microbiota and the host. The short‐chain fatty acids (SFCAs), mainly comprising acetate, propionate and butyrate, are produced in the large intestine by microbial degradation of undigested carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, proteins. These results will allow future evaluation and quantification of SCFA production from 13C‐labelled fibres in the human colon by measurement of 13C‐labelled SCFA concentrations in blood. The SCFAs were mainly excreted via the lungs after oxidation to 13CO 2, whereas less than 0.05% of the SCFAs were excreted into urine. On average, 6% of colonic propionate was incorporated into glucose. Less than 1% of administered acetate was incorporated into cholesterol and <15% in fatty acids. Conversion of acetate into butyrate (24%) was the most prevalent interconversion by the colonic microbiota and was not related to the butyrate‐producing capacity in the faecal samples. Systemic availability of colonic‐administered acetate, propionate and butyrate was 36%, 9% and 2%, respectively. The butyrate‐producing capacity of the intestinal microbiota was also quantified. Known amounts of 13C‐labelled acetate, propionate and butyrate were introduced in the colon of 12 healthy subjects using colon delivery capsules and plasma levels of 13C‐SCFAs 13C‐glucose, 13C‐cholesterol and 13C‐fatty acids were measured.

In the present study, the systemic availability of SCFAs and their incorporation into biologically relevant molecules was quantified. The short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetate, propionate and butyrate, are bacterial metabolites that mediate the interaction between the diet, the microbiota and the host.

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